Pharmacokinetic Table

Acetylcysteine

F: n/a
Half life: 2–6 hours
Elimination: deacetylation
fe: 0.3

Aciclovir

F: 0.2
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8

Alendronic acid

F: 0.006
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.5
Additional points:
- 30 minutes before first food of the day.
- Antacids and calcium ↓ absorption.
- Deposits in bone for ten years.

Allopurinol

Active metabolite: (oxypurinol)
F: 0.8
Half life: 1 hour (24 hours)
Elimination: xanthine oxidase (renal)
fe: 0 (0.8)
Additional points: Increases 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine toxicity.

Alprazolam

F: 0.9
Half life: 6 to 16 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.2

Amiodarone

Active metabolite: (desethylamiodarone)
F: 0.4
Half life: 55 days (62 days)
Elimination: CYP3A, 1A2
fe: 0 (0)
Additional points:
- Inhibits 2C8/9.
- TDM.

Amitriptyline

Active metabolite: (nortripyline)
F: 0.5
Half life: 15 hours (30 hours)
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0 (0)

Amlodipine

F: 0.7
Half life: 40 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Amoxicillin

F: 0.9
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid

F: 0.9 / 0.5
Half life: 2 hours / 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9 / 0.5

Amphotericin

F: 0.05
Half life: 15 days
Elimination: unknown
fe: 0.1

Aspirin

Active metabolites: (salicylic acid + acetyl)
F: 0.8
Half life: 0.3 hours (2 hours/unknown)
Elimination: esterases and glucuronidation (glucuronidation and renal/unknown)
fe: 0 (0.2/unknown)
Renal excretion of salicylic acid depends on urine pH; and contributes to more elimination in overdose. In overdose, half life increases up to 13 hours.
Acetyl binds irreversibly to platelets, contributing to COX inhibition.

Atenolol

F: 0.6
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Atorvastatin

Active metabolites: (ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin)
F: 0.1
Half life: 14 hours (18 hours)
Elimination: CYP3A, Pgp, OATP1B1 (CYP3A)
fe: 0 (0)
Additional notes:
- Subject to CYP3A and Pgp inhibition.
- Duration of action more than 24 hours.

Atropine

F: 1
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: hepatic oxidation
fe: 0.3

Azathioprine

Active metabolite: (6-mercaptopurine)
F: 0.6
Half life: 4 hours (1 hour)
Elimination: TPMT
fe: 0 (0.1)
Additional points:
- Allopurinol ↑ conc. (of 6TGN)
- TDM.

Azithromycin

F: 0.4
Half life: 60 hours
Elimination: substantial biliary excretion
fe: 0.1
Additional points: ↑ warfarin effect.

Baclofen

F: 1
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: deamination
fe: 0.8

Beclometasone

Active metabolite: (beclomet. monoprop.)
F: n/a
Half life: 0.5 hours (3 hours)
Elimination: esterases
fe: 0.1 (0.1)

Bendroflumethiazide (bendrofluazide)

F: 1
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: renal (metabolism unknown)
fe: 0.3
Additional points:
- ↑ lithium conc.
- Affects sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium.

Benzylpenicillin

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: hydrolysis
fe: 0.9

Bezafibrate

F: 1
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.4
Additional points: Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Bisoprolol

F: 0.9
Half life: 10 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.5

Budesonide

F: 0.1
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Bupropion

Active metabolite: (hydroxybupropion)
F: 0.5
Half life: 21 hours (21 hours)
Elimination: CYP2B6
fe: 0
Additional points: Inhibits CYP2D6.

Buspirone

F: 0.04
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Calcitriol

F: 1
Half life: 15 hours
Elimination: hydroxylation
fe: 0.1

Candesartan (prodrug)

F: 0.4
Half life: 9 hours
Elimination: CYP2C8/9 (10%)
fe: 0.6

Captopril

F: 0.7
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.5

Carbamazepine

F: 0.9
Half life: 15 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Induces CYPs.
- TDM.

Carvedilol

F: 0.3
Half life: 7 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0.1

Cefaclor

F: 0.9
Half life: 0.7 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.7

Cefazolin

F: n/a
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Cefalexin

F: 0.9
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Cefepime

F: n/a
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8

Cefotaxime

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.7

Ceftazidime

F: n/a
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Ceftriaxone

F: n/a
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: 50% renal and 50% biliary excretion
fe: 0.5

Cefuroxime

F: 0.4
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Celecoxib

F: 0.4
Half life: 11 hours
Elimination: CYP2C8/9 (> 70%)
fe: 0
Additional points: Ensure euvolaemic. Hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.

Cetirizine

F: 0.8
Half life: 7 to 11 hours
Elimination: dealkylation
fe: 0.7

Chlorpromazine

F: 0.3
Half life: 30 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0

Ciclosporin

F: 0.5
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Inhibits CYP and OATP.
- TDM.

Cilazapril (prodrug)

Active metabolite: (cilazaprilat)
F: 0.6
Half life: n/a (45 hours)
Elimination: n/a (renal)
fe: n/a (0.9)

Ciprofloxacin

F: 0.7
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.5
Additional points:
- Inhibits CYP1A2 and 3A.
- Antacids, milk, and enteral feeds ↓ absorption.

Citalopram

F: 0.8
Half life: 35 hours
Elimination: CYP3A, CYP2C19
fe: 0.1

Clarithromycin

F: 0.5
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.2
Additional points: Inhibits CYP3A and Pgp.

Clindamycin

F: 0.9
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Clomipramine

F: 0.5
Half life: 25 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6, 1A2
fe: 0

Clonazepam

F: 0.8
Half life: 30 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Clonidine

F: 1
Half life: 13 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.6

Clopidogrel (prodrug)

F: 0.5
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: CYP2C19
fe: 0.1
Additional points: 2C19 inhibitors ↓ efficacy.

Clozapine

F: 0.6
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP1A2
fe: 0.1
Additional points: TDM. Smoking induces 1A2 and ↓ clozapine conc.

Codeine

Active metabolites: (morphine + m-6-glucuronide)
F: 0.5
Half life: 3 hours (3 hours / 5 hours)
Elimination: CYP2D6 (major)
fe: 0.1 (0.1 / 0.9)
Additional points: CYP2D6 inhibitors ↓ morphine conc.

Colchicine

F: 0.3
Half life: 0.2 hours
Elimination: deacetylation
fe: 0.3

(Cole)calciferol

Active metabolite: (calcitrol)
F: 0.8
Half life: 14 days (15 hours)
Elimination: hydroxylation (hydroxylation)
fe: 0 (0.1)
Additional points: Colestyramine ↓ absorption.

Colestyramine

F: 0
Half life: n/a
Elimination: not absorbed - excreted in stool
fe: 0
Additional points: ↓ absorption of some drugs e.g. warfarin and fat soluble vitamins.

Cyclizine

F: 0.5
Half life: 24 hours
Elimination: demethylation
fe: 0

Dabigatran etexilate (prodrug)

Active metabolite: (dabigatran)
F: 0.07
Half life: 0.5 hours (15 hours)
Elimination: esterases (glucuronidation)
fe: 0 (0.8)
Additional points: TDM

Dantrolene

F: 0.8
Half life: 9 hours
Elimination: unknown
fe: 0

Dexamethasone

F: 0.8
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Diazepam

Active metabolite: (desmethyldiazepam + oxazepam)
F: 0.9
Half life: 30 hours (50 hours / 4 to 24 hours)
Elimination: CYP3A, 2C19
fe: 0 (0 / 0.1)

Diclofenac

F: 0.6
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: UGT3B7
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Ensure euvolaemic, hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.
- Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Digoxin

F: 0.7
Half life: 36 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8
Additional points: TDM

Dihydrocodeine

F: 0.2
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0.3

Diltiazem

F: 0.4
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Inhibits CYP3A and Pgp.
- Modified-release capsules have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Dipyridamole

F: 0.5
Half life: 11 hours
Elimination: unknown
fe: 0

Domperidone

F: 0.2
Half life: 14 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Doxazosin

F: 0.7
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Doxycycline

F: 1
Half life: 16 hours
Elimination: renal; metabolism unknown
fe: 0.4
Additional points:
- Chelation with multivalent cations, e.g. iron and calcium.
- Take with food.

Dulaglutide

F: n/a
Half life: 5 days
Elimination: protein catabolism
fe: 0
Additional points: Delays gastric emptying.

Empagliflozin

F: 0.6
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation and renal
fe: 0.5
Additional points: No dose reduction in chronic kidney disease.

Enalapril (prodrug)

Active metabolite: (enalaprilat)
F: 0.6
Half life: n/a (36 hours)
Elimination: n/a (renal)
fe: n/a (0.9)

Enoxaparin

F: n/a
Half life: 5 hours
Elimination: renal; and hepatic metabolism (desulfation, depolymerisation)
fe: 0.7

Erythromycin

F: 0.4
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points: Inhibits CYP3A.

Ethambutol

F: 0.8
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: renal; and metabolised (dicarboxylic acid derivative and an aldehyde intermediate)
fe: 0.8

Ethinylestradiol

F: 0.5
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Ethosuximide

F: 1
Half life: 55 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.2

Ezetimibe

Active metabolite: (ezetimibe glucuronide)
F: unknown
Half life: 25 hours (17 hours)
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0

Famotidine

F: 0.4
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.7
Additional points: ↓ absorption of azole antifungals

Felodipine

F: 0.2
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points: Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action (~24 hours). Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Fentanyl

F: 0.7 nasal
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Flecainide

F: 1
Half life: 14 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0.3
Additional points: TDM

Flucloxacillin

F: 0.9
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.7

Fluconazole

F: 0.9
Half life: 30 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8
Additional points: Inhibits CYP3A, 2C8/9, 2C19.

Flumazenil

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: liver
fe: 0.1

Fluoxetine

Active metabolite: (norfluoxetine)
F: 0.9
Half life: 4 days (15 days)
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0.1 (0.1)
Additional points: Inhibits CYP2D6 and 2C19.

Flutamide

Active metabolite: (N-hydroxyflutamide)
F: 0.9
Half life: 8 hours (8 hours)
Elimination: CYP1A2
fe: 0.1 (0.1)

Fluticasone

F: n/a
Half life: 2 to 5 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Formoterol

F: n/a
Half life: 10 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0.2

Furosemide (frusemide)

F: 0.5
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8
Additional points: ↓ cation conc. except lithium which ↑.

Gabapentin

F: 0.6
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8

Ganciclovir

F: 0.08
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8

Gentamicin

F: n/a
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9
Additional points: TDM.

Glibenclamide

F: 0.9
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP2C9
fe: 0
Additional points: Usually stopped when insulin started.

Gliclazide

F: 0.9
Half life: 10 hours
Elimination: CYP2C9
fe: 0
Additional points: Usually stopped when insulin started.

Glipizide

F: 1
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: CYP2C9
fe: 0.1
Additional points: Usually stopped when insulin started.

Glyceryl trinitrate

F: 0.4 subling
Half life: 0.5 hours
Elimination: hydrolysis, glucuronidation
fe: 0.1

Haloperidol

F: 0.7
Half life: 20 hours
Elimination: CYP3A, 2D6
fe: 0

Heparin

F: n/a
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: reticulo-endothelial system
fe: 0

Hydrocortisone

F: 1
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Hyoscine-N-butylbromide

F: < 0.01
Half life: 5 hours
Elimination: renal; metabolism unknown
fe: 0.5

Ibuprofen

F: 0.9
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP2C8/9
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Ensure euvolaemic. Hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.
- ↓ dose if co-prescribed with strong CYP2C9 inhibitors (e.g. voriconazole and fluconazole, which double ibuprofen conc.)
- Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Imipenem+cilastatin

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.7

Insulin

F: n/a
Half life: 6 minutes
Elimination: insulin degrading enzyme (liver and kidneys)
fe: 0

Additional points: Different insulins have different subcutaneous absorption times that determine duration of effect.

Medicine (brand)	Tmax	Duration of action
insulin glargine (Lantus)	no peak	24 hours
insulin aspart (Novorapid)	1 hour	4 hours
insulin lispro (Humalog)	1 hour	1 hour
isophane insulin (Protaphane)	2–8 hours	16 hours
human neutral insulin (Actrapid, Humulin R)	1–4 hours	8 hours
insulin glulisine (Apidra)	1 hour	4 hours

Indometacin

F: 1
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: CYP2C9 (50%), UGT1A9 (30%)
fe: 0.1
Additional points: Ensure euvolaemic, Hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.

Iron polymaltose

F: n/a
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: unknown
fe: trace

Isoniazid

F: 0.9
Half life: 1 to 4 hours
Elimination: acetylation
fe: 0.05–0.3

Isosorbide mononitrate

F: 0.9
Half life: 5 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation, dinitration
fe: 0
Additional points: Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Isotretinoin

Active metabolite: (4-oxo-isotretinoin)
F: 0.2
Half life: 21 hours (21 hours)
Elimination: CYPs
fe: 0 (unknown)

Itraconazole

F: 0.6
Half life: 35 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Take capsules with food.
- Inhibits CYP3A.
- TDM.

Ketoconazole

F: 0.8
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points: Inhibits CYP3A, 2C8/9, 2C19, 1A2 and Pgp.

Labetalol

F: 0.3
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0

Lamivudine

F: 0.9
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: renal, sulphoxation
fe: 0.8

Lamotrigine

F: 1
Half life: 24 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0.1
Additional points: TDM.

Levetiracetam

F: 1
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: renal, hydrolysis (24%)
fe: 0.7

Levodopa+benserazide

F: 0.4/0.7
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: dopa decarboxylase
fe: 0

Lidocaine

F: n/a
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A, 2D6
fe: 0.1

Lisinopril

F: 0.3
Half life: 12 to 30 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Lithium

F: 1
Half life: 22 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 1
Additional points:
- NSAIDs, ACEIs, and thiazides ↑ conc.
- TDM.

Loperamide

F: 0.01
Half life: 11 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Loratadine

F: n/a
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Lorazepam

F: 0.9
Half life: 15 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0

Losartan (prodrug)

(Active metabolite)
F: 0.4
Half life: 2 hours (6 hours)
Elimination: CYP2C8/9
fe: 0.1 (0.4)

6-mercaptopurine

F: 0.1
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: TMPT
fe: 0.1
Additional points: Allopurinol ↑ conc. (of 6TGN).

Meropenem

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal; hydrolysis
fe: 0.7

Mesalazine (5ASA)

F: 0.3
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: acetylation
fe: 0

Metformin

F: 0.5
Half life: 5 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9
Additional points: TDM (for GFR < 30 mL/min)

Methadone

F: 0.8
Half life: 15 to 55 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.15

Methotrexate

F: 0.9–0.2
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: renal, intracellular metabolism to polyglutamates
fe: 0.9–0.5
Additional points:
- Co-prescribe folate.
- Weekly dose (not daily).
- F, half life, and fe vary with dose.

Methylphenidate

F: 0.2
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: de-esterification
fe: 0

Methylprednisolone

F: 0.8
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Metoclopramide

F: 0.7
Half life: 5 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0.2

Metoprolol

F: 0.4
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0.1
Additional points: Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form.

Metronidazole

F: 1
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: oxidation, glucuronidation
fe: 0.1

Midazolam

F: 0.5
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Mirtazapine

F: 0.5
Half life: 30 hours
Elimination: unknown
fe: 0

Moclobemide

F: 1
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP2C19
fe: 0
Additional points: Inhibits CYP2D6.

Morphine

Active metabolite: (m-6-glucuronide)
F: 0.3
Half life: 3 hour (5 hours)
Elimination: glucuronidation (renal)
fe: 0 (0.9)
Additional points: Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew modified-release dose form.

Mycophenolate

Active metabolite: (mycophenolic acid)
F: 0.9
Half life: 0.03 hour (16 hours)
Elimination: esterases to mycophenolic acid then glucuronidated
fe: 0 (0)
Additional points: TDM.

Nadolol

F: 0.3
Half life: 20 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8
Additional points:

Naloxone

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0

Naproxen

F: 1
Half life: 14 hours
Elimination: CYP2C8/9
fe: 0.1
Additional points:
- Ensure euvolaemic, hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.
- Modified-release tablets have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form.

Nefopam

F: 0.6
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: unknown
fe: 0

Nicorandil

F: 0.9
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: dinitration, oxidation
fe: 0

Nicotinic acid (niacin)

F: 0.9
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal, metabolism unknown
fe: 0.4

Nifedipine

F: 0.5
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points: Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form. Different formulations have different durations of action and dose frequency.

Nimodipine

F: 0.1
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Nitrofurantoin

F: 0.9
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: reduction
fe: 0.5
Additional points: Modified-release capsules have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form.

Norfloxacin

F: 0.5
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: renal, conjugation
fe: 0.3
Additional points: Antacids ↓ absorption.

Nortriptyline

F: 0.6
Half life: 30 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0

Olanzapine

F: 0.6
Half life: 33 hours
Elimination: CYP1A2
fe: 0

Omeprazole

F: 0.5
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: CYP2C19 (80%)
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Inhibits 2C19.
- Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form.

Ondansetron

F: 0.6
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0

Oseltamivir

Active metabolite: (oseltamivir carboxylate)
F: 0.8
Half life: n/a (2 h)
Elimination: n/a (renal, OAT1)
fe: n/a (0.9)
Note: Oseltamivir carboxylate apparent half life 8 hours.

Oxazepam

F: 1
Half life: 4 to 25 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0.1

Oxybutynin

F: 0.03
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Oxycodone

F: 0.7
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0.2
Additional points: Modified-release capsule have longer duration of action. Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form.

Pantoprazole

F: 0.8
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: CYP2C19
fe: 0
Additional points: Do not crush or chew the modified-release dose form.

Paracetamol

F: 0.8
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation (60%), sulphation (30%), CYP2E1 (< 10%)
fe: 0
Additional points: Inducers increase hepatotoxic potential.

Parecoxib

Active metabolite: (valdecoxib)
F: n/a
Half life: 0.5 hours (8 hours)
Elimination: hydrolysis, glucuronidation, CYP2C9, CYP3A4
fe: 0 (0)
Additional points: Ensure euvolaemic. Hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.

Paroxetine

F: 0.5
Half life: 20 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0
Additional points: CYP2D6 inhibitor.

Perhexiline

F: 0.9
Half life: 15 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0
Additional points: TDM.

Perindopril (prodrug)

Active metabolite: (perindoprilat)
F: 0.9
Half life: n/a (30 hours)
Elimination: n/a (renal)
fe: n/a (0.9)

Pethidine

Active metabolite: (norpethidine)
F: 0.5
Half life: 4 hours (25 hours)
Elimination: CYP2D6 (renal)
fe: 0.2 (0.9)
Additional points: Norpethidine is CNS toxic, and accumulates in renal failure.

Phenobarbital

F: 1
Half life: 3 to 4 days
Elimination: metabolism unknown
fe: 0.1–0.25
Additional points: Strong CYP inducer.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

F: 0.4
Half life: 0.5 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Phenytoin

F: 0.9
Half life: n/a
Elimination: CYP2C8/9
fe: 0
Additional points:
- Saturable elimination.
- Induces several drug-metabolising enzymes.
- TDM.

Pioglitazone

Active metabolites: (MIV metabolite/MIII metabolite)
F: 0.9
Half life: 6 hours (24 h/12 h)
Elimination: CYP2C8/9 (CYP2C8/9/CYP3A4/5)
fe: 0 (0.1/0.1)
Additional points: Duration of action more than 24 hours due to active metabolites.

Piperacillin+Tazobactam

F: n/a
Half life: 1 hour
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.8/0.6

Pravastatin

F: 0.2
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: acid isomerisation
fe: 0.1

Prednisone

Active metabolite: (prednisolone)
F: 0.1 (0.8)
Half life: 0.5 hours (3 hours)
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0

Prochlorperazine

F: 0.1
Half life: 8 to 20 hours
Elimination: unknown
fe: 0

Promethazine

F: 0.3
Half life: 10 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0

Propranolol

F: 0.3
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: CYP2D6
fe: 0

Protamine

F: n/a
Half life: 10 min (variable)
Elimination: complexes with heparin
fe: 0

Quetiapine

F: 0.09
Half life: 6 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Quinapril (prodrug)

Active metabolite: (quinaprilat)
F: 0.5
Half life: n/a (2 hours)
Elimination: n/a (renal)
fe: n/a (0.9)

Rifampicin

F: 0.9
Half life: 3 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation, deacetylation
fe: 0
Additional points: Induces several CYP enzymes and Pgp.

Risperidone

Active metabolite: (9-OH risperidone)
F: 0.7
Half life: 3 hours (24 hours)
Elimination: CYP2D6, 3A (minor)
fe: 0

Rivaroxaban

F: 0.9
Half life: 7 hours
Elimination: CYP3A4, Pgp, renal
fe: 0.4
Additional points: Subject to CYP3A and Pgp inhibition and induction. TDM

Rosuvastatin

F: 0.2
Half life: 19 hours
Elimination: biliary, OATP1B1
fe: 0.1

Roxithromycin

F: 0.8
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0.1

Salbutamol

F: n/a
Half life: 4 hours
Elimination: conjugation
fe: 0

Selegiline

Active metabolites: (amphetamine + methamphetamine + desmethylselegiline)
F: 0.1
Half life: 3 hours (14 hours / 12 hours / 5 hours)
Elimination: CYP2C19
fe: 0.1

Simvastatin

(beta-hydroxy simvastatin)
F: 0.05
Half life: 2 hours (4 hours)
Elimination: esterases (CYP3A, Pgp, OATP1B1)
fe: 0 (0)
Additional points: Subject to CYP3A and Pgp inhibition (including grapefruit).

Sodium valproate

F: 1
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: 0.05 glucuronidation (30–50%), oxidation (40%)
fe: 0
Additional points: Inhibits several CYP enzymes.

Solifenacin

F: 0.9
Half life: 52 hours
Elimination: CYP3A4
fe: 0.1

Sotalol

F: 0.9
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 0.9

Spironolactone

(Active metabolites)
F: 0.7
Half life: 1 hour (15 hours)
Elimination: multiple metabolic pathways
fe: 0.1 (0.1)
Additional points:
- Take with food.
- ↑ digoxin conc.

Sulphasalazine

F: 0.05
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: bacteria
fe: 0

Sumatriptan

F: 0.1
Half life: 2 hours
Elimination: oxidation
fe: 0.2

Tacrolimus

F: 0.3
Half life: 10 hours
Elimination: CYP3A
fe: 0
Additional points:
- TDM
- Food decreases bioavailability, so dose consistently with or without food.

Tamoxifen (prodrug)

(Active metabolite)
F: 1
Half life: 7 days (12 days)
Elimination: CYP2D6 (CYP3A, 2C8/9)
fe: 0

Tamsulosin

F: 1
Half life: 12 hours
Elimination: CYP3A4, CYP2D6
fe: 0.1

Teicoplanin

F: n/a
Half life: 90 to 150 hours
Elimination: renal
fe: 1

Temazepam

F: 1
Half life: 9 hours
Elimination: glucuronidation
fe: 0

Tenoxicam

F: 1
Half life: 72 hours
Elimination: CYP2C8/9
fe: 0
Additional points: Ensure euvolaemic, hypovolaemia increases risk of renal impairment.

Terbinafine

F: 0.4
Half life: 22 to 26 hours
Elimination: CYP3A, 1A 2C8/9
fe: 0
Additional points: Inhibits 2D6.

Theophylline

F: 1
Half life: 8 hours
Elimination: CYP1A2
fe: 0.1
Additional points: TDM

Ticagrelor

(Active metabolite)
F: 0.4
Half life: 7 hours (9 hours)
Elimination: CYP3A (CYP3A)
fe: 0 (0)

Pharmacokinetic Table

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V W Z

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V

W

Z